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Bladder cancer |
Bladder cancer is the sixth most prevalent cancer in the United States accounting for over 50,000 reported cases annually and more than 12,000 deaths. Over the past several years there has been a rising incidence in the diagnosis of bladder cancer. Cigarette smoking and industrial chemical exposure are regarded as the major risk factors.
The diagnosis of bladder cancer very often is accompanied by blood in the urine as the first symptom. A urinalysis and NMP22 is the first step in the evaluation. Other helpful tests may include bladder ultrasound, cystoscopy with biopsy and radiologic imaging.
The majority of bladder cancers involves the superficial lining of the bladder and can be managed effectively. The high risk of recurrences mandates a strict surveillance program. Other treatments may include intravesical chemotherapy. Tumors involving the muscle wall will require cystectomy with or without chemotherapy and radiation.
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